Sustainable cities: do political factors determine the quality of life?

The implementation of urban sustainability practices is affected by political obstacles, and diverse political ideologies may defend different city models. Sustainable policy design could also be affected by several factors that cause the deflection of resources initially allocated to other groups that are contrary to the concerns pursued and have the power to veto sustainable plans by exerting pressure on the party in power.In this sense, the aim of this paper is to show the impact that political factors have on cities’ sustainability, and the effect of both on cities’ economic development. To do so, we used the 78 Spanish cities with a population over 100,000 studied by MERCO (Spanish Corporate Reputation Monitor) as regards their levels of sustainability for the fiscal years 2008 and 2009. Both relationships have been tested empirically through two dependence models using linear regression techniques.The results obtained show that political competition improves cities’ sustainability, while a leftist ideology has an inverse impact. On the other hand, a significant direct relationship has been observed between urban sustainability and municipal economic activity.     

环境统计在环境保护中的应用

环境统计是用数字反映并计量人类活动引起的环境变化和环境变化对人类影响的工作。从统计工作实践出发,通过能源环境统计数据、环境质量统计数据和污染源排放统计数据在日常环境管理中的应用实例,总结出环境统计在环境保护中的应用价值,以期引起对环境统计工作的重视。     

沈阳市污水处理设施建设现状与前景分析

通过对沈阳市各排水系统以及各区域污水处理厂建设情况进行调查,论述污水处理厂建设运行对纳污河流水质改善的作用,并对现阶段存在的问题进行了分析,最终提出污水处理厂合理建设及有效运行的相关保证措施。     

浑河沈阳段“十一五”期间水体构成及污染来源分析

介绍了浑河沈阳段"十一五"期间水体的构成,分析了其支流水质状况以及浑河沈阳段主要污染来源。结果表明,支流河是浑河补水的主要来源,污水处理厂尾水已成为支流河和浑河干流的主要补水来源,其中上游径流38%,污水厂排水8%及细河、蒲河、满堂河和白塔保河等5条支流河补水54%;浑河沈阳段污染源数量最多的是农业源,占浑河流域沈阳段污染源的55.33%;其次是生活源,占浑河流域沈阳段污染源的26.19%;再次是工业源,占浑河流域沈阳段污染源的18.43%;最少的是集中式污染治理设施,占浑河流域沈阳段污染源的0.05%。     

镇江市城区降雨径流水质分析

雨水径流污染是城市面源污染的主要形式,通过对镇江市城区2011年10场降雨径流水质监测,分析了镇江市城区降雨径流水质。结果表明,镇江市城区降雨径流存在一定污染,直接排入城市地表水体会对其造成污染。其主要污染指标为COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TP和总悬浮颗粒物,重金属含量较低,基本不存在重金属污染。各种不同类型雨水径流水质污染程度差异较大,天然降雨、屋面径流,大市口路面径流水质相对较好,基本能达到Ⅲ或Ⅳ类水体的水质标准;泵站、排口径流、河道径流污染较重,大多属于超Ⅴ类水体;南门大街路面径流污染最为严重,部分水质指标接近工业废水。     

基于超低电容特性的微尘在线监测技术研究

为了更有效地测量工业烟尘排放浓度,研究了一种电容特性的微尘在线监测技术,利用电容传感器输出电压来反映粉尘质量。介绍了电容法测量粉尘量的原理、测量系统组成等,研究了粉尘质量与电容传感器输出电压的关系。对5种不同粉尘的测量结果进行分析表明,粉尘质量与电容传感器输出电压之间存在着一定的比例关系,其相关系数高达0.99。同时进行了微尘在线测量的研究,并采用电容特性曲线对测量系统进行了标定,从而验证了电容法在线微尘监测的可行性。     

Entry and toxicity of organic pesticides and copper in vineyard streams: Erosion rills jeopardise the efficiency of riparian buffer strips

The present study was performed to characterise in-stream pesticide exposure within the Palatinate vineyard region in south-west Germany, evaluate the influence of buffer strip widths and identify mitigation measures for the relevant entry pathways. In-stream water and sediment samples that were taken at nine sampling sites of different buffer widths following intense rainfall, and edge-of-field runoff that were sampled in erosion rills were analysed regarding 28 active ingredients of pesticides including copper. In-stream samples contained a mix of 8 ± 4 pesticide compounds, resulting in total pesticide concentrations of 1.4-8.9 μg l⁻¹ for water and 16-670 μg kg⁻¹ dw for sediment. Following an exceptional rainfall event with a previous 34-day drought period, pesticide concentrations reached 7.0-83.4 μg l⁻¹. Fungicides were the most important pesticides found and were significantly correlated with the pesticide application frequency and rate. The calculated toxicity values per sample (TU_max) indicated that both organic pesticides and copper concentrations likely cause ecotoxicological effects in the field. The buffer strip width was of little importance for pesticide in-stream concentrations because pesticide entry occurred mainly via the field path network and erosion rills. Pesticide in-stream concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the concentrations detected in erosion rills (R² = 0.56). As possible risk mitigation measures, we suggest the implementation of grassed field paths and vegetated ditches or wetlands.     

解析日本空气环境质量标准体系

完善监测技术支撑体系,修订环境监测技术规范和分析方法是《国家环境监测“十二五”规划》的目标之一.2011年末,北京、上海、南京、济南等多个城市出现灰霾天气,空气环境质量标准成为热议话题;在此背景下,开展其他国家空气质量标准体系研究,可以为完善我国空气环境质量标准体系提供有效参考.日本在明治维新后开始近代工业发展,二战后更是进入经济高速发展阶段,伴随着工业化和城市化进程的不断深入和扩大,从而引发的环境问题也十分突出,治理空气污染是日本政府在上个世纪及本世纪的重要工作之一.根据日本空气环境质量标准文件、发布的监测数据和空气环境质量报告、日本中央环境审议会审议资料,并在查询大量相关资料的基础上,解析了日本空气环境质量标准体系的形成和主要内容,其空气质量标准由传统的空气污染物、大气中有害污染物质、Dioxins类物质和PM2.5四个部分组成.监测规范包括各类污染物监测技术手册及监测准则等内容.     

连续流动分析法测定降水中铵盐的可行性研究

铵盐是降水监测的重要指标之一,它对降水中的酸性物质具有中和作用。将连续流动分析法应用于降水中铵盐的检测,并对该方法的检出限、精密度、加标回收率等一系列实验室质量要求进行了测定;在此基础上,用连续流动分析法和国家标准分析方法进行比对试验。对测试结果进行数理统计分析后证明,连续流动分析法与国标方法无显著性差异。     

基于DEA-Malmquist的我国城市物质代谢效率评价

运用数据包络分析与麦氏指数(DEA-Malmquist),从"技术效率"、"技术变动效率"和"全要素生产率"三个方面,对我国34个城市从2005年到2007年的物质代谢效率进行实证分析,结果表明:物质代谢效率的总体水平不高,被评估的34个城市中有19个城市在评价期间是无效率的,主要分布在西部地区;并且整体而言,"全要素生产率"和"技术变动效率"要优于"技术效率";结果还表明:34个城市物质代谢的"技术效率"普遍处于中等水平,没有呈现出明显的空间分布差异,但是"技术变动效率"则在长三角地区的城市中体现出较为明显的优势,最后,提出了针对性的建议。